معیارهای طراحی پارک بر کودکان با اختلال ذهنی اوتیسم

Autism disorder is a pervasive developmental disability that accompanies a child from birth, and these children have problems communicating with others, speaking, and sometimes with movement due to specific mental disorders. For this reason, in public spaces, they sometimes get tense despite some obstacles. In fact, autism is a child's inability to communicate with people or situations. Autism is characterized by deficits in social reactions, communication, limited attention, and repetitive behaviors. Henry Moseley was the first psychiatrist who seriously paid attention to young children with severe mental disorders in 1867. Hans Asperger used the word autism in German culture in 1938. In the late 1960s, autism was established as a distinct syndrome and was distinguished from mental retardation, schizophrenia, and other developmental disorders. Autism spectrum disorder was listed as a separate category in the third edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders in 1980. became. The diagnostic criteria of autism spectrum disorder in the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders are divided into 3 levels based on the amount of damage in communication and social interaction as well as repetitive and limited behaviors (Jalil Abkanar et al., 2015: 62). The first level requires more care than it is level three and also level one is the most intense spectrum and needs much more support and attention than other levels.) Metro stations, buses, recreational areas, etc., and parks are considered as part of public spaces, which must have a special dynamic and be such that its spaces can be used by the general public, both healthy and disabled. Research shows that people with moderate functioning autism have a very consistent routine in terms of daily movements, but unfortunately most of them only move between the house and nearby and known places (such as special shops or gyms). And their presence is less seen in other places. In Iran, the number of autistic children is increasing and it is very important to pay attention to the needs of these children in the cities. In addition to education and occupational therapy, these types of children need happy and recreational environments that meet the standards of the World Autism Health Organization. In Iran, only two parks (Fershtgan in Tabriz and Nahj al-Balagheh Park in Tehran) have been registered in the name of autistic children, which do not meet any basic standards (both educational and visual). In this park, the children using games are partners with each other. |This partnership leads to the withdrawal of autistic children and their harassment, and ultimately the exclusion of these children from playing environments. According to the stated issues, the lack of effective criteria for park design is noticeable. This research attempts to examine the key principles in park design for autistic children and the extent of the impact of each, and finally, with the information obtained, analysis and Analyze solutions to improve these shared spaces. And finally, the main question of this research is what are the effective criteria for designing for autistic children and what is the most effective. The main goal of this research is to achieve the proper principles of designing a park for autistic children, and in this regard, firstly, the theories proposed in the field of autism, the difference between its different levels, and how these children communicate with other people, as well as a review of the symptoms and different spectrums of autistic children. It was investigated and then some principles were extracted according to the documentation and interviews of the medical staff for the design of the park, which include color, light, vegetation, furniture, playground, water, wall art, parking lot and sidewalk and finally Using a questionnaire that was filled by parents of autistic children in the age group of 6-10 years and using Friedman's test, the most effective criteria for the design of recreational spaces was evaluated by SPSS software. The research answered the question on what autism is, and presented a solution for designing a park for autistic children according to the main principles obtained. According to the analyzes made, color and vegetation are more valuable for these children and should be taken into account and given more attention in the field of design.